水や水溶液の放射線化学研究は，放射線の発見から間もない20世紀初頭から長年にわたって続けられてきた。工学，医学等に幅広く共通する課題を含み，初期過程から最終生成物に至るあらゆる過程が調べられてきたが，溶媒和等の高速過程や374°C以上の高温での超臨界水中での反応機構など，なお未知の素過程を内包し，1世紀以上経った今でも研究対象であり続けている。本節では，水や水溶液の放射線化学の歴史や基礎過程，アプローチを含めた研究全体について解説する。
Radiation chemistry of water and aqueous solutions has been intensively studied for many years, over the past century since the discovery of radiation. Relevant to the various application fields of engineering and radiology etc., plenty of fundamental processes have been revealed. Nevertheless, there still exist many controversial issues, such as ultrafast processes and reaction kinetics in different phase (supercritical state), to which much attention is still attracted even now. In this chapter, essences of radiation chemical work of water and aqueous solutions, including historical activities, fundamental processes, and approaching methods etc., will be reviewed.
Key words: Radiolysis; Water; Aqueous solution; High temperature; Numerical simulation
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